Vertebrate endocrinology norris pdf free download

Methods to Study Bioregulation 3. Synthesis, Metabolism, and Actions of Bioregulators 4. Organization of the Mammalian Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axes 5. Comparative Aspects of Vertebrate Adrenals The Endocrinology of Mammalian Reproduction Comparative Aspects of Vertebrate Reproduction Chemical Regulation of Feeding, Digestion and Metabolism Comparative Aspects of Feeding, Digestion, and Metabolism Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis in Vertebrates Environmental Endocrinology of Vertebrates.

Appendix A. Abbreviations B. Vertebrate Phylogeny and Evolution C. Amino Acid Abbreviations D. Units for Measuring Hormones in Tissues E. Vertebrate Tissue Types F. Metabolic Pathways. Edits have been made. Are you sure you want to exit without saving your changes? Log in Register. Purchase textbook. Vertebrate Endocrinology,. Editors: By David O. Norris and James A. Publication Date: 15 Feb Indeed, the crocodilians resemble birds very closely in their anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry and together these groups constitute a unique grouping, the living archosaurs.

Reptiles In a sense, it was a mistake for the amphibians to give rise to the reptiles, for the reptiles quickly replaced them as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. Since the reptiles were no longer tied to water for reproduction, there were fewer restrictions on their movements.

The large amniote eggs of reptiles allow young to hatch at a size considerably greater than is possible from the smaller eggs of most oviparous fishes and amphibians.

Birds and mammals have retained many of the features of the reptilian egg, including the amnion and other membranes the chorion, allantois, and, in some cases, the yolk sac. Bird eggs are little different from reptilian eggs, and embryonic development is very similar.

In mammals, these membranes have greatly modified, especially among the placental mammals. Reptiles, birds, and mammals are often referred to collectively as the amniote vertebrates or amniotes that is, they all possess an amnion , whereas fishes and amphibians are termed anamniotes without an amnion as well as the other membranes. Primitive amphibians gave rise to the cotylosaurs or stem reptiles, which early in reptilian evolution diverged into several separate pathways.

Only four of these pathways have living representatives. One pathway the Anapsida separated early and gave rise to the heavily armored chelonians: the turtles, tortoises, and terrapins.

The chelonians are anatomically a conservative group, having changed little in appearance over several million years.

However, it might be a mistake to assume that their physiology has remained equally conservative. All are oviparous. A second pathway Lepidosaura produced two important groups, the Squamata snakes and lizards and the more ancient Rhynchocephalia that has only one living species, the New Zealand tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus. The tuatara is of special interest because it is the only living representative of a very old reptilian group. Live bearing viviparity evolved numerous times within the squamates with variations from simple retention and development of the eggs within the oviducts to development of a placenta.

The Archosaura represents a third evolutionary line of which only the crocodilians crocodiles and alligators have living reptilian representatives. The extinct dinosaurs were part of this evolutionary line. In addition, one group of archosaurs, the thecodonts, gave rise to modern birds Aves that are considered to be archosaurs by some.

The final reptilian group, the now-extinct Synapsidia, gave rise to the mammals. This reptilian group separated early and gave rise to mammals before the archosaurs gave rise to birds. Apparently, the ability to maintain a relatively constant body temperature developed in the synapsids specifically in the therapsid group of synapsids independently of its development in the thecodont reptiles, which gave rise to the birds.

Their complicated mating rituals and intricate behavioral mechanisms associated with rearing of young have contributed greatly to their success. Although viviparity has developed in all other tetrapod classes as well as in some fishes , all birds lay eggs.

However, birds have been successful at exploiting the terrestrial habitat in such a way as to avoid undue competition with reptiles and mammals, and hence birds exhibit an impressive adaptive radiation. Suggested Reading 27 F. Mammals The most distinctive and uniform features of mammals are the possession of hair and the mammary glands, for which the group is named. Like birds, they maintain a high internal body temperature but are almost exclusively live bearing.

The monotremes are the most primitive group of mammals Monotremata or Prototheria. This group includes the duckbill platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus and the spiny anteaters, Tachyglossus spp. All members of this group lay eggs, and they are found only in Australasia. After a very short intrauterine period, newborn marsupials spend most of their early life in the pouch provided by their mother.

The marsupials include the kangaroos, wallabies, and others of Australia, the opossum of North America, and a few rodent-like marsupials still persisting in South America. The fossil record indicates that marsupials were just beginning their adaptive radiation when continental drift began to separate the continents. This explains in part their present skewed distribution, with the vast majority of extant species being found in Australia. The Eutheria consist of the placental mammals.

The insectivores represent the most primitive group of eutherian mammals from which 13 other groups have evolved. The eutherian mammals evolved in the Old World, entered North America from Asia, and eventually migrated southward and invaded South America.

Although marsupials once were common elements of the New World, they were replaced almost completely by the eutherians. The geographical isolation of Australia as a result of continental drift allowed the persistence of a great many marsupial species there.

The primates are considered by humans, of course to be the most highly evolved group of mammals, that group showing the most advanced evolutionary adaptations, the greatest intelligence, and the highest ecological success. Bern, H. Bolander, F. Academic Press, San Diego. Brabant, G. Pulsatile patterns in hormone secretion. Trends Endocrinol.

Brown, R. Press, New York. DeGroot, L. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. Gass, G. Goodson, M. Griffin, J. Oxford Univ. Hadley, M. Martin, C. Nelson, R.

Sinauer Assoc. Norman, A. Pfaff, D. Schulkin, J. Press, UK. Timiras, P. Comparative Barrington, E. Academic Press, New York. Becker, J. Bentley, P. Cambridge Univ. Chester-Jones, I. Davey, K. Dawson, A. Diana, J. Cooper Publishing Corp. Gorbman, A. Grimmelikhuijzen, C. Coelenterate neuropeptides: Structure, action and biosynthesis. Heatwole, H. Matsumoto, A. Matt, K. Neuroendocrine mechanisms of environmental integration.

Pang, P. Press, Lubbock, TX. Ralph, C. Liss, New York. Reinecke, M.. Zaccone G. Kapoor B. Robash, M. The molecular biology of circadian rhythms.

Neuron 3, — Scanes, C. Schofl, C. Pulsatile hormone secretion: Analysis and biological significance. Schreibman, M. Sharp, P. Clinical Ambrecht, H. Becker, K. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.

Brook, C. Blackwell, Oxford. Collu, R. Grossman, A. Mazzaferri, E. Endocrine Disruption Anway, M. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors.

Blaustein, A. The puzzle of declining amphibian populations. April, 52— Crews, D. Epigenetics, evolution, endocrine disruption, health, and disease. Di Giulio, R. Pensacola, FL. Fenton, S. Endocrine-disrupting compounds and mammary gland development: Early exposure and later life consequences. Gore, A. Endocrine disruption for endocrinologists and others.

Environmental obesogens: Organotins and endocrine disruption via nuclear receptor signaling. Guillette, L. Endocrine disrupting environmental contaminants and developmental abnormalities in embryos. Risk Assess. Environmental Endocrine Disrupters. Taylor and Francis, New York. Henley, D. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals use distinct mechanisms of action to modulate endocrine system function.

Hose, J. Defining the role of pollutants in the disruption of reproduction in wildlife. Health Perspect. Kendall, R. Kime, D. McLachlan, J. Environmental hormones: The scientific basis of endocrine disruption. NY Acad. Mosconi, G. Environmental estrogens and reproductive biology in amphibians. General and Comp. Naz, R. Suggested Reading 29 Newbold, R. Adverse effects of the model environmental estrogen diethylstilbestrol are transmitted to subsequent generations. Norris, D.

Petersen, S. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway and sexual differentiation of neuroendocrine functions. Sharpe, R. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet , — Sparling, D. Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Stoka, A. Phylogeny and evolution of chemical communication: An endocrine approach.

Welshons, W. Large effects from small exposures. Endocrine mechanisms mediating effects of bisphenol A at levels of human exposure. Chordate Evolution Carroll, R. Freeman and Co. Kardong, K. Meyer, A. Molecular evidence on the origin of tetrapods and the relationships of the coelacanth. Trends Ecol. Musick, J. Pough, F. Macmillan Publishing Co. The Scientific Method A. Controlled Experimental Testing B. Representative Sampling C. The Dose-Response Relationship D.

Biological Rhythms II. Methods of Endocrine Analysis A. Extirpation-Observation and Replacement-Observation B. Imaging C. Radioimmunoassay D. Immunohistochemistry F. Molecular Biology and Bioregulation A. Genetic and Genomic Approaches in Endocrinology B. Proteomics IV.

Animal Models V. Statistics Suggested Reading 31 31 33 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 39 40 41 43 43 44 44 45 45 The basic method of scientific investigation has changed little over the years, but dramatic advances in observational, manipulative, and analytical tools during the last 50 years have resulted in a virtual explosion in our knowledge of animal biology that parallels similar events in chemistry, physics, engineering, and other scientific disciplines.

For example, our observational powers have been increased several orders of magnitude by advances in the field of microscopy. Miniature radiotransmitters have made it possible to tag secretive animals such as rattlesnakes and follow their natural migrations without disturbing them.

Sensitive techniques in chemistry such as high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy can be used to analyze volumes as small as a few microliters that may contain only a few nanograms or even picograms of an important molecule. From a tiny sample, one can determine the chemical structure of a molecule and, if it is a peptide, then construct a gene that will direct the synthesis of large amounts of the peptide.

And we can tell when a gene begins to turn on production of a peptide even before we can detect the final peptide product. This tremendous capability of probing the activities of a single cell has created an additional problem for the endocrinologist. How does one distinguish between random noise in the system and changes that have relevance to the organism at the physiological level? The endocrinologist must be able to bridge the gap between molecular information and physiological responses in organismal events such as metabolism or reproduction or link molecular information to clinical disorders.

The Scientific Method 31 The advent of computers and associated technology has not only automated and accelerated many of our laboratory procedures but has greatly augmented our ability to analyze complex sets of data. Computers also can be used to simulate natural conditions and to construct models of natural phenomena that we can manipulate and use to predict events in nature.

The Scientific Method The process used by animal biologists to investigate the lives and activities of animals is the scientific method. We seek facts called data singular, datum and organize them into hypotheses, theories, or laws that give these data order and meaning. Many scientists are engaged primarily in the processes of gathering data.

These data may be accumulated through careful observation or by use of planned experiments. Creative scientists also take data and try to organize them to form generalizations. From a series of observations, the scientist might formulate a hypothesis Gr. Until it is tested experimentally, it is only a working hypothesis that must be supported or rejected on the basis of experimental results. If the hypothesis does not hold up to the test, it must be rejected or possibly revised and retested.

If supported, the scientist may choose to test it more vigorously or formulate additional hypotheses on the relationships observed. Hypotheses must be testable through observation or experimentation.

The proposal that life on earth originated from outer space would be difficult to test, as would the notion that dinosaurs became extinct because other animals ate their eggs. Hypotheses or theories that are contradicted by data obtained from valid testing procedures must be modified or discarded. Hence, the scientist must distinguish between what we believe to be true, which may be true or false, and what we know to be true based on the results of tested hypotheses.

Testing of any hypothesis involves rigorous attention to details. Unless the test is reliable, the data obtained can neither contradict nor support the hypothesis or theory. Although it is possible to disprove hypotheses, it usually is not possible to prove one with a single observation or experiment.

The data obtained may support the hypothesis, but since there are frequently many other ways one might test the hypothesis, it is not yet proven beyond all doubt. Hence the experimental design, the analytical tools employed, and the methods of data analysis are critical to testing hypotheses.

The more ways scientists test a hypothesis, the more confident they become of its validity. When a preponderance of new data supports a generalization, it becomes a theory Gr. Continued testing of the theory never stops. Every theory must be reexamined and modified if necessary as new data are accumulated. A scientific theory is an established concept based on accumulated data.

Once a theory is accepted with certainty, it becomes a law or principle. Some people refer to it as dogma. However, even principles are still subjected to retesting and revision of their parts when new data are not explained by the reigning theory or dogma. Second, studies concerning the reproductive endocrinology of "lower" vertebrates can result in development of "model systems" for application to studies of birds and mammals.

Indeed, information about the patterns of reproductive control in ectothermic vertebrates can tell us which are evolutionarily stable and which are labile. Vertebrate Endocrinology Author : David O. It provides a complete overview of the endocrine system of vertebrates by first emphasizing the mammalian system as the basis of most terminology and understanding of endocrine mechanisms and then applies that to non-mammals.

The serious reader will gain both an understanding of the intricate relationships among all of the body systems and their regulation by hormones and other bioregulators, but also a sense of their development through evolutionary time as well as the roles of hormones at different stages of an animal's life cycle.

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